AI Hallucination Cases
This database tracks legal decisions1
I.e., all documents where the use of AI, whether established or merely alleged, is addressed in more than a passing reference by the court or tribunal.
Notably, this does not cover mere allegations of hallucinations, but only cases where the court or tribunal has explicitly found (or implied) that a party relied on hallucinated content or material.
As an exception, the database also covers some judicial decisions where AI use was alleged but not confirmed. This is a judgment call on my part.
in cases where generative AI produced hallucinated content – typically fake citations, but also other types of AI-generated arguments. It does not track the (necessarily wider) universe of all fake citations or use of AI in court filings.
While seeking to be exhaustive (1150 cases identified so far), it is a work in progress and will expand as new examples emerge. This database has been featured in news media, and indeed in several decisions dealing with hallucinated material.2
Examples of media coverage include:
- M. Hiltzik, AI 'hallucinations' are a growing problem for the legal profession (LA Times, 22 May 2025)
- E. Volokh, "AI Hallucination Cases," from Courts All Over the World (Volokh Conspiracy, 18 May 2025)
- J-.M. Manach, "Il génère des plaidoiries par IA, et en recense 160 ayant « halluciné » depuis 2023" (Next, 1 July 2025)
- J. Koebler & J. Roscoe, "18 Lawyers Caught Using AI Explain Why They Did It (404 Media, 30 September 2025)
And if you know of a case that should be included, feel free to contact me.3 (Readers may also be interested in this project regarding AI use in academic papers.)
Based on this database, I have developped an automated reference checker that also detects hallucinations: PelAIkan. Check the Reports 
in the database for examples, and reach out to me for a demo !
For weekly takes on cases like these, and what they mean for legal practice, subscribe to Artificial Authority.
| Case | Court / Jurisdiction | Date ▼ | Party Using AI | AI Tool ⓘ | Nature of Hallucination | Outcome / Sanction | Monetary Penalty | Details | Report(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jessica Baker v. Ryan Joseph Baker | Superior Court of Pennsylvania (USA) | 7 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(5)
|
— | — | ||
| Thu Thuy Nguyen v. PennyMac Loan Services | D. Nevada (USA) | 7 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
Warning; Possible Monetary Sanction | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
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| Kamps v. British Crown Corporation, et al. | W.D. Michigan (USA) | 7 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Case dismissed as frivolous. | — | — | |
|
The court found the plaintiff's objections and central claims rooted in sovereign-citizen ideology and noted a fabricated quotation attributed to Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators, 3 U.S. 54 (1795). The R&R was adopted and the action dismissed as frivolous. |
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|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
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| United States v. Juliet Payseur and 20-22 McGregor Avenue, LLC | D. New Jersey (USA) | 7 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2)
|
Warning | — |
Motion to Strike
|
|
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Ramos v. Ramos | CA Minnesota (USA) | 7 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Argument treated as forfeited | — | — | |
| Mr. Deepak s/o Shivkumar Bahry v. Heart & Soul Entertainment Ltd. | HC Bombay (India) | 7 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Adverse costs order | 1 | — | |
|
Source: Alvin Antony
|
|||||||||
| Hanlon v. Parkersburg City | CC Wood County, W.V. (USA) | 6 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Request for injunctive relief dismissed | — | — | |
| Sammie Dwayne McPhaul v. College Hills OPCO | D. Kansas (USA) | 6 January 2026 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(5)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Order to Show Cause | — | — | |
| Tamisha Shaw v. Coast Dental of Georgia et al/ | SC Gwinnett County, Georgia (USA) | 6 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 2632 | — | |
| Riley Pollard v UNIFOR Local 324 | Ontario LRB (Canada) | 6 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Greenwood v. The Owners, Strata Plan | BC CRT (Canada) | 5 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Ayatollah Hylton v. Chivone Janee Hylton, et al. | S.D. Florida (USA) | 5 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Bahrani v Peters | CA Saskatchewan (Canada) | 5 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Misuse of AI taken into account in reducing costs owed | — | — | |
| Allen v. Experian Information Solutions | D. Idaho (USA) | 4 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Washburn v. Houston | Arizona CA (USA) | 2 January 2026 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1),
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Bar referral | — | — | |
|
Appellant Father's counsel submitted an opening brief containing misleading/inaccurate legal citations, mischaracterized case law, fabricated quotations attributed to Owen v. Blackhawk, and false quotations purportedly from the amended decree and hearing transcripts. The appellate court identified these errors, concluded they supported a potential ethics referral, and forwarded the decision to the State Bar for review. |
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| Dudak (Re) | SafeRoads Alberta (Canada) | 2 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(8)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Massachusetts Housing Finance Agency v. Bradley K. Bass, et al. | Massachusetts Land Court (USA) | 31 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Eric Hildebrandt v. siParadigm LLC et al. | D. New Jersey (USA) | 31 December 2025 | Lawyer | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
False Quotes
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Cesareo v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey | D. New Jersey (USA) | 31 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Sentencia 000126/2025 | TSJ Gran Canaria (Spain) | 31 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Doctrinal Work
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
other
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Burnett v. The City of New York | SC New York (USA) | 31 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Order to Show Cause | — | — | |
| Tiffany Regina Ringer v. Bank of America, N.A. | N.D. Georgia (Atlanta Division) (USA) | 30 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Fine; Ordered to submit statement of training/oversight | 1500 USD | — | |
|
Report on Recommendations can be found here. |
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|
Source: Robert Freund
|
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| Johnson v. Digital Federal Credit Union | N.D. Texas (USA) | 30 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— |
Plaintiff's Second Amended Complaint
|
||
| M.T. Real Estate Investment Inc. v. Servis One, Inc., et al. | D. Nevada (USA) | 30 December 2025 | Lawyer | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4),
Doctrinal Work
(1)
|
Briefs Struck; Adverse Costs Order; Bar Referral | — | — | |
| Pauliah v. University of Mississippi Medical Center | S.D. Mississippi (USA) | 30 December 2025 | Lawyer, Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Exhibits or Submissions
(2)
False Quotes
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction; CLE | 5000 USD | — | |
|
The plaintiff's sworn declaration contained multiple fabricated quotations and manufactured deposition citations. Defendants identified the fabrications in a motion to strike; the court found the declaration filed in bad faith, struck it, and imposed sanctions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(h). The plaintiff admitted using generative AI to draft portions and failing to review the declaration; counsel failed to verify the citations despite attending and taking the depositions. |
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| Mazaheri v Law Society of Ontario | Ontario Law Society Tribunal (Canada) | 30 December 2025 | Lawyer | Grok |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Nicole Beverly Silverberg v. Steven Bonomo, et al. | D. Nevada (USA) | 30 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Labatt USA Operating v. Friends Beverage Group | SC New York (USA) | 30 December 2025 | Lawyer | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Filings struck | — | — | |
|
By interim order dated March 17, 2025 the court struck defendants' opposition and cross-motion after finding the filings, drafted with AI, contained hallucinated (fabricated) case citations. The court treated the motion as unopposed thereafter. |
|||||||||
| M Peiu v Hywel Dda University Local Health Board | Employment Tribunal (Swansea) (UK) | 30 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Ng v. AmGuard Insurance Company, et al. | S.D. New York (USA) | 29 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — |
Plaintiff's Memorandum in Opposition
|
|
| In re S.A., D.H., and B.M., Minors | CA Illinois (USA) | 29 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(4)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Rachel Jones v. Experian Information Solutions | E.D. Michigan (USA) | 29 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Cherleatha B. v. Frank Bisignano | D. South Carolina (USA) | 29 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| N° 2506461 | TA Orléans (France) | 29 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(15)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Admonishment | — | — | |
| Chaudhary v. Genest | HRT Ontario (Canada) | 29 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Herzel Hagigi v. Official Receiver | Supreme Court (Israel) | 28 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Appeal dismissed, monetary sanction | 5000 ILS | — | |
| Mag 7 Ltd. et al. v. Tederi et al. | District Court, Tel Aviv-Yafo (Israel) | 25 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction; Order to amend pleading | 10000 ILS | — | |
| Unknown Case Number | Anvers (Belgium) | 25 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 25000 EUR | — | |
|
See story here. |
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| Mrs Sandra Archer v GTC Contracting | Fair Work Commission (Australia) | 24 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
The applicant's representative (Mr M Archer) cited various cases in closing submissions; the Deputy President formed the view he may have used artificial intelligence, asked him, and he admitted doing so. He was asked to supply a list of cited cases with links; the Commission stated it would disregard any cases for which citations/links could not be produced. |
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| JF v Canada Employment Insurance Commission | Social Security Tribunal (Canada) | 24 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
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| Kalala v. Coopérative d'habitation La Fraternité Micheloise | CS Québec (Canada) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 500 CAD | — | |
| Allen v. Amazon | N.D. Texas (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Amazon alleged that Allen's undisclosed use of AI produced non-existent case citations and hallucinated quotations; the court declined to sanction, warned Allen and required future compliance with local AI-disclosure rule. |
|||||||||
| Krystle J. Lyons v. Oak Harbor School District | W.D. Washington (Seattle) (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Amended Complaint dismissed with prejudice. | — |
Plaintiff's Response
|
|
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Leber v. Bryan Medical Center et al. | D. Nebraska (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Tekla & Tekla | Federal Circuit and Family Court (Australia) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
| In the matter of Bayfoyle | SC New South Wales (Australia) | 23 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Adverse Costs Order (AI misuse one of the factors); Declined to Refer to the Bar | 1 | — | |
| Minjie Zheng v. ICANN | C.D. California (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 66129 USD | — | |
|
The Court found plaintiff repeatedly cited cases that could not be located and attributed false quotations to existing cases and statutes, concluding many citations were AI-generated; awarded reduced fees under §1927 given pro se status. |
|||||||||
|
Source: Robert Freund
|
|||||||||
| Matter of: KE System Services, Inc. | GAO (USA) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Smith v. Clarence Smith et al. | N.D. New York (USA) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2)
|
Warning | — |
Plaintiff's Objection
|
|
| Levy v. Google LLC | W.D. Washington (USA) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2),
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(3)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
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