AI Hallucination Cases
This database tracks legal decisions1
I.e., all documents where the use of AI, whether established or merely alleged, is addressed in more than a passing reference by the court or tribunal.
Notably, this does not cover mere allegations of hallucinations, but only cases where the court or tribunal has explicitly found (or implied) that a party relied on hallucinated content or material.
As an exception, the database also covers some judicial decisions where AI use was alleged but not confirmed. This is a judgment call on my part.
in cases where generative AI produced hallucinated content – typically fake citations, but also other types of AI-generated arguments. It does not track the (necessarily wider) universe of all fake citations or use of AI in court filings.
While seeking to be exhaustive (978 cases identified so far), it is a work in progress and will expand as new examples emerge. This database has been featured in news media, and indeed in several decisions dealing with hallucinated material.2
Examples of media coverage include:
- M. Hiltzik, AI 'hallucinations' are a growing problem for the legal profession (LA Times, 22 May 2025)
- E. Volokh, "AI Hallucination Cases," from Courts All Over the World (Volokh Conspiracy, 18 May 2025)
- J-.M. Manach, "Il génère des plaidoiries par IA, et en recense 160 ayant « halluciné » depuis 2023" (Next, 1 July 2025)
- J. Koebler & J. Roscoe, "18 Lawyers Caught Using AI Explain Why They Did It (404 Media, 30 September 2025)
If you know of a case that should be included, feel free to contact me.3 (Readers may also be interested in this project regarding AI use in academic papers.)
Based on this database, I have developped an automated reference checker that also detects hallucinations: PelAIkan. Check the Reports 
in the database for examples, and reach out to me for a demo !
For weekly takes on cases like these, and what they mean for legal practice, subscribe to Artificial Authority.
| Case | Court / Jurisdiction | Date ▼ | Party Using AI | AI Tool ⓘ | Nature of Hallucination | Outcome / Sanction | Monetary Penalty | Details | Report(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mag 7 Ltd. et al. v. Tederi et al. | District Court, Tel Aviv-Yafo (Israel) | 25 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction; Order to amend pleading | 10000 ILS | — | |
| Unknown Case Number | Anvers (Belgium) | 25 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 25000 EUR | — | |
|
See story here. |
|||||||||
| Mrs Sandra Archer v GTC Contracting | Fair Work Commission (Australia) | 24 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
The applicant's representative (Mr M Archer) cited various cases in closing submissions; the Deputy President formed the view he may have used artificial intelligence, asked him, and he admitted doing so. He was asked to supply a list of cited cases with links; the Commission stated it would disregard any cases for which citations/links could not be produced. |
|||||||||
| Kalala v. Coopérative d'habitation La Fraternité Micheloise | CS Québec (Canada) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 500 CAD | — | |
| Allen v. Amazon | N.D. Texas (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Amazon alleged that Allen's undisclosed use of AI produced non-existent case citations and hallucinated quotations; the court declined to sanction, warned Allen and required future compliance with local AI-disclosure rule. |
|||||||||
| Krystle J. Lyons v. Oak Harbor School District | W.D. Washington (Seattle) (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Amended Complaint dismissed with prejudice. | — |
Plaintiff's Response
|
|
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Leber v. Bryan Medical Center et al. | D. Nebraska (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Tekla & Tekla | Federal Circuit and Family Court (Australia) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
| In the matter of Bayfoyle | SC New South Wales (Australia) | 23 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Adverse Costs Order (AI misuse one of the factors); Declined to Refer to the Bar | 1 | — | |
| Minjie Zheng v. ICANN | C.D. California (USA) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 66129 USD | — | |
|
The Court found plaintiff repeatedly cited cases that could not be located and attributed false quotations to existing cases and statutes, concluding many citations were AI-generated; awarded reduced fees under §1927 given pro se status. |
|||||||||
|
Source: Robert Freund
|
|||||||||
| Matter of: KE System Services, Inc. | GAO (USA) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Smith v. Clarence Smith et al. | N.D. New York (USA) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2)
|
Warning | — |
Plaintiff's Objection
|
|
| Levy v. Google LLC | W.D. Washington (USA) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2),
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(3)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Donovan v. Clark County Assessor | Tax Court of Indiana (USA) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Rathi & Rathi | Federal Circuit and Family Court (Australia) | 22 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Leytcorp v Mimbim Enterprises | Trade Marks Office (Australia) | 22 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Pasuengos v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship | Federal Circuit and Family Court (Australia) | 22 December 2025 | Lawyer | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Order to Show Cause | — | — | |
|
The court eventually granted some costs in a subsequent decision (see here). |
|||||||||
| Obermann v. ICBC | British Columbia CRT (Canada) | 19 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
"Mr. Obermann’s submissions refer to cases that do not exist or do not apply. I find the most likely explanation is that they are “hallucinations” generated by artificial intelligence. In AQ v. BW, 2025 BCCRT 907 at paragraph 16, a CRT vice chair found that CRT’s obligation to provide sufficient reasons did not require it to address arguments with no basis in law. I agree with this reasoning and do not address those cases. " |
|||||||||
| Billups v. Louisville Municipal School District | N.D. Mississippi (USA) | 19 December 2025 | Lawyer | Grok |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(3)
|
Counsel DQ'd; monetary sanction; obligatory audit of all past filings | — |
Plaintiff's Memorandum
|
|
|
The court also identified five other cases in which the same firm or attorney confessed having misused AI. This despite the attorneys attending CLE training |
|||||||||
| Disability Rights Mississippi v. Palmer Home for Children | N.D Mississippi (USA) | 19 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
False Quotes
Case Law
(5)
|
Monetary sanction; CLE requirement; notification to bar and other courts; attorney withdrawal. | 20883 USD |
Plaintiff's Memorandum
|
|
| Fantini v. WestRock Services, LLC | D. New Jersey (USA) | 19 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — |
Plaintiff's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment
|
|
| Gavin Simpson v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC | W.D. Virginia (USA) | 19 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Nelligan O’Brien Payne v Amy French | IP Office (Canada) | 19 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2),
other
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Groux v. CSL | CA Michigan (USA) | 19 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Appeal dismissed | — | — | ||
| Patrick Joseph Groulx v CSL Limited | CA Michigan (USA) | 19 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
Appeal dismissed | — | — | |
| Robert Lafayette v. Alex Abrami et al | Vermont SC (USA) | 18 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Adverse Costs Order; Pre-Filing Injunction | 7361 USD | — | |
|
Order to show cause is here. |
|||||||||
| M. [C] c/ CAF de la [Dpt CAF] | TJ Périgueux (France) | 18 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Christina Buenzli | CA California (USA) | 18 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(6)
False Quotes
Case Law
(3)
|
— | — | ||
| Gerou v. George, Whitten, and United States | E.D. Wisconsin (USA) | 18 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(3)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Edward Starski v. Chandler Holderness | CA Appeals (USA) | 18 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Arabyads Holding Limited v. Gulrez Alam Marghoob Alam | ADGM (UAE) | 18 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(4)
|
Mon | 282508 | — | |
|
MIO produced a prolix Defence containing multiple non-existent, miscited and misapplied authorities. The Court found AI-driven research produced hallucinatory results and that MIO failed adequately to verify authorities, amounting to reckless conduct warranting an indemnity costs order. |
|||||||||
| Wireless Investors LLC v. Semtech Incorporated, et al. | D. Arizona (USA) | 18 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Friend v. Serpa | CA Florida (USA) | 17 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Halpern v. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, et al. | N.D. Illinois (USA) | 17 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Russel Williams Home Services LLC v. Minleon International (USA) Limited LLC, et al. | M.D. Pennsylvania (USA) | 17 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
|
Order to Show Cause | — | — | |
| Burlingame v. Argo Private Client Group, Ltd. et al. | S.D. New York (USA) | 17 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| L.A. Housing Outreach, LLC v. Medoff | CA California (USA) | 17 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Reply brief struck; monetary sanction; State Bar referral | 5070 USD | — | |
|
The court found that the majority of legal authorities in appellant counsel's reply brief were incorrect or did not support the propositions for which they were cited. The court struck the reply brief, imposed monetary sanctions of $5,070, and directed a copy of the opinion be forwarded to the State Bar. |
|||||||||
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Angelica E. Cruz et al. v. United States of America | C.D. California (USA) | 16 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Order to Show Cause | — | — | |
| In re Ricardo Andres Romeu | CA Texas (USA) | 16 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Taylor v. Prince George’s County, Maryland | D. Maryland (USA) | 16 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2)
|
— |
Plaintiff's Response
|
||
| Dorsey v. Jones | Delaware C. Ch. (USA) | 16 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Order to certify future filings re: AI | — | — | |
| McMillian v. Zimmer US, Inc | S.D. New York (USA) | 16 December 2025 | Lawyer | Unidentified |
Fabricated
other
(1)
|
Adverse Costs Order | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Michael Redwine v. Unum Life Insurance Company of America | W.D. Virginia (USA) | 16 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Holmes Family Trust v. Multnomah County Assessor | Oregon Tax Court (USA) | 16 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Jesse Schaefer
|
|||||||||
| Pakuza v Workers' Compensation Regulator | Queensland IRC (Australia) | 16 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Liza Gardner v. Sean Combs, et al. | D. New Jersey (USA) | 15 December 2025 | Lawyer | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary fine; Bar Referral; Order to serve order to Client | 6000 USD | — | |
|
Counsel had already been sanctioned in different case, and professed having gone through CLE on generative AI. |
|||||||||
|
Source: Robert Freund
|
|||||||||
| Sayali Kulkarni & Abhijit Kulkarni v. Merit Systems Protection Board | CA Federal Circuit (USA) | 15 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
Affirmed the Board; granted motions to strike the Kulkarnis' informal reply briefs containing the false citations/quotes | — |
Plaintiff's Informal Brief
|
|
| Roll Q/25/0025 | Gent (Belgium) | 15 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
|
Hearing on possible sanction | — | — | |
| Braica v. Frankowski (Anthony Braica v. Tom Frankowski) | D. Connecticut (USA) | 15 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(7)
Outdated Advice
Overturned Case Law
(1)
|
Briefs struck; warning | — | — | |
| Christina Garcia v. Atwater Elementary Teachers Association | California PERB (USA) | 15 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
|
Warning | — | — | |