This database tracks legal decisions1
I.e., all documents where the use of AI, whether established or merely alleged, is addressed in more than a passing reference by the court or tribunal.
Notably, this does not cover mere allegations of hallucinations, but only cases where the court or tribunal has explicitly found (or implied) that a party relied on hallucinated content or material.
As an exception, the database also covers some judicial decisions where AI use was alleged but not confirmed. This is a judgment call on my part.
in cases where generative AI produced hallucinated content – typically fake citations, but also other types of AI-generated arguments. It does not track the (necessarily wider) universe of all fake citations or use of AI in court filings.
While seeking to be exhaustive (135 cases identified so far), it is a work in progress and will expand as new examples emerge. This database has been featured in news media, and indeed in several decisions dealing with hallucinated material.2
Examples of media coverage include:
- M. Hiltzik, AI 'hallucinations' are a growing problem for the legal profession (LA Times, 22 May 2025)
- E. Volokh, "AI Hallucination Cases," from Courts All Over the World (Volokh Conspiracy, 18 May 2025)
- J-.M. Manach, "Il génère des plaidoiries par IA, et en recense 160 ayant « halluciné » depuis 2023" (Next, 1 July 2025)
- J. Koebler & J. Roscoe, "18 Lawyers Caught Using AI Explain Why They Did It (404 Media, 30 September 2025)
Based on this database, I have developped an automated reference checker that also detects hallucinations: PelAIkan. Check the Reports
in the database for examples, and reach out to me for a demo !
For weekly takes on cases like these, and what they mean for legal practice, subscribe to Artificial Authority.
| Case | Court / Jurisdiction | Date ▼ | Party Using AI | AI Tool ⓘ | Nature of Hallucination | Outcome / Sanction | Monetary Penalty | Details | Report(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J.V.E.C. v S.M.D. | KB Saskatchewan (Canada) | 4 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Heneghan v. The Owners, Strata Plan 187 | BC CRT (Canada) | 2 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
|
— | — | ||
| Internet Sciences Inc v CNSX Markets Inc | CMT Ontario (Canada) | 1 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Wang, Fengxi (Re) | Ontario SCJ (Canada) | 1 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
Admonishment | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Obermann v. Spring Financial Inc. | BC CRT (Canada) | 28 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| PL v Minister of Employment and Social Development | Social Security Tribunal (Canada) | 28 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Chan v. British Columbia | CA British Columbia (Canada) | 28 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Lessard c. Longuépée | Québec (Canada) | 26 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| In re Robert Giroux | CS Québec (Canada) | 26 November 2025 | Judge | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Currently pending appeal | — | — | |
|
Story here. |
|||||||||
|
⚠ Alleged AI Use
|
|||||||||
| Walker v. Collingwood General and Marine Hospital | Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (Canada) | 21 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2)
|
Request for Reconsideration denied | — | — | |
| Syndicat des travailleuses et travailleurs c. Centre L’Autre Maison inc. | Tribunal d'arbitrage (Québec) (Canada) | 21 November 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
"[134] Même si l’arbitre de griefs est un tribunal administratif moins formel que le sont laCour supérieure ou les autres tribunaux judiciaires, notamment parce que ses règles depreuve sont plus souples, il n’en demeure pas moins que c’est un tribunal. À l’évidence,le procureur qui, devant ce tribunal, s’appuie sur de la jurisprudence doit s’assurer qu’elleexiste. [135] L’arbitre de griefs s’attend à ce que tous les procureurs qui plaident devant luisoient compétents, honnêtes, professionnels et respectueux de son autorité.Manifestement, celui qui soumet au tribunal des références jurisprudentielles inexistantesne satisfait pas ces attentes, car il induit, intentionnellement ou non, le tribunal et la partieadverse en erreur. [136] Qui plus est, le procureur qui fait référence à de la jurisprudence qui n’existe pasrallonge inutilement l’arbitrage. On reproche déjà, souvent avec raison, la longueur etles coûts élevés associés à l’arbitrage de griefs. Ces problèmes seront exacerbés si lesinformations inexactes générées par les hallucinations d’outils d’intelligence artificielles’introduisent devant les tribunaux d’arbitrage en raison de la négligence des procureurs.Le présent cas en est un bon exemple. [137] Enfin, le procureur qui fait référence à de la jurisprudence inexistante expose lapartie qu’il représente à devoir compenser les dommages que cela pourrait causer àl’autre partie. [138] En définitive, référer à des décisions qui n’existent pas, comme l’a fait laprocureure patronale dans le présent dossier, est un geste répréhensible qui ne devraitjamais se produire en arbitrage de griefs. Ce comportement est d’autant plus grave quecette procureure est membre de l’Ordre des conseillers en ressources humaines agréés." |
|||||||||
| R v Wallace | KB New Brunswick (Canada) | 20 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| RR v. Fraser Health Authority and others (No.3) | British Columbia HRT (Canada) | 20 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Yuehong v. The Minister of Citizenship & Immigration | Federal Court (Canada) | 19 November 2025 | Lawyer | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction; Refusal to Anonymize Counsel's Identity | 500 CAD | — | |
| DJ v SN | CA Alberta (Canada) | 19 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Additional Costs | 500 CAD | — | |
| Wang v. Mongeon | HRT Ontario (Canada) | 19 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
|
— | — | ||
| Small Moves Canada Inc. v. Garner | BC CRT (Canada) | 18 November 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Tribunal found the cited 'British Columbia Fraudulent Transactions Act' does not exist and declined to consider or add fraud claims based on it. | — | — | |
| Azar c. Université de Montréal | Quebec CA (Canada) | 13 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Choi v. Slopinski | SC British Columbia (Canada) | 10 November 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| BC Taco Restaurant Group Ltd. | BC Employment Standards Tribunal (Canada) | 6 November 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| S… F… c. I… O… | Québec SC (Canada) | 31 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| O.K. v. Southern Ontario Secondary Schools Association | Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario (Canada) | 30 October 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Bourse de l'Immobilier Multilogements inc. c. Lanthier | CS Québec (Canada) | 29 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
|
Monetary sanction | 750 CAD | — | |
| The Vancor Group Inc. v. 2744364 Ontario Limited et al | Ontario SCJ (Canada) | 28 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
other
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Admonishment | — | — | |
| Wu v. Murray | CA British Columbia (Canada) | 21 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
Costs order took hallucinations into account | — | — | |
| X.L. v. Z.L. et al | Ontario SCJ (Canada) | 16 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(6)
|
No reliance on authorities submitted; Monetary Sanction | 1000 CAD | — | |
|
Costs were awarded here. |
|||||||||
| T.B. v K.M. | King's Bench for Saskatchewan (Canada) | 15 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(5)
|
Court declined to award costs to applicant; portions of the reply brief were struck; admonishment | — | — | |
| Gilles Dulac c. Ville de Gatineau | TA Québec (Canada) | 11 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(5)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Visca v. Halton District School Board | HRT Ontario (Canada) | 9 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
|
— | — | ||
| Ren v. Area 09 | BCPAAB (Canada) | 7 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Doctrinal Work
(1)
|
Breach of Board's Code of Conduct | 910 CAD | — | |
|
(Monetary sanction decided in later determination, available here.) |
|||||||||
| Delisle v. Canadian Association of Professional Employees | FPSLREB (Canada) | 3 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Backhaus v. Area 01 | BC Property Assessment Appeal Board (Canada) | 2 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
The appellant cited two reported decisions which the Board could not locate and concluded likely do not exist and may have been generated with AI; the Board excluded those authorities from evidence and cautioned the appellant about nondisclosure of AI per the Board's Code of Conduct. |
|||||||||
| Specter Aviation Limited v. Laprade | CS Québec (Canada) | 1 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary sanction for procedural misconduct | 5000 CAD | — | |
|
Monsieur Laprade filed a contestation containing multiple citations to non-existent authorities generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence. The Court found these to be fabricated (so-called "hallucinated") citations, constituting a manquement important to the conduct of the proceeding under art. 342 C.p.c., and imposed a 5,000$ sanction. |
|||||||||
| Hogan v. Treasury Board | Federal PSLREB (Canada) | 1 October 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4),
Doctrinal Work
(1)
False Quotes
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(3)
Outdated Advice
Repealed Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Reddy v Saroya | CA Alberta (Canada) | 26 September 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Adverse Costs Order | 17550 CAD | — | |
|
The appellant's original factum contained references to seven cases that could not be located (six allegedly decisions of this Court). Respondent flagged the issue; appellant's counsel ultimately acknowledged a contractor-drafted factum and that a large language model may have been used. The Court allowed an amended factum and reserved costs, warning that use of LLM without verification may attract costs, contempt proceedings, or Law Society referral. Monetary sanction was determined in a subsequent decision (available here). |
|||||||||
| Salem v. Deputy Head | Federal PSLREB (Canada) | 24 September 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Stile Carpentry Ltd. v. 2004424 Ontario | CA Ontario (Canada) | 23 September 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Exhibits or Submissions
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Régie du bâtiment du Québec c. 9308-2469 Québec inc. | Régie du bâtiment du Québec (Canada) | 11 September 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Disregarded AI-generated arguments | — | — | |
| Re X Corp. | BC Civil Resolution Tribunal (Canada) | 4 September 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Claim for compensation dismissed due to false and misleading AI-assisted submissions | — | — | |
|
Source: Steve Finlay
|
|||||||||
| Lockwood v. ICBC | BC Civil Resolution Tribunal (Canada) | 3 September 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(2)
|
Argument ignored | — | — | |
| Alana Kotler v Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation | Ontario Labour Relations Board (Canada) | 29 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(14)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Arguments ignored | — | — | |
|
The applicant relied on numerous case citations that the Board and OSSTF could not locate as cited; one located decision did not support the proposition relied upon. Applicant acknowledged possible citation errors and was asked to provide copies but objected. The Board refused to rely on unlocatable authorities and dismissed the application. |
|||||||||
| Myers v. Tarion Warranty Corporation | Ontario (Canada) | 28 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Arguments ignored | — | — | |
| MacEachern-Flatt v. University Health Network | HRT Ontario (Canada) | 25 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Babbar v. Tarion Warranty Corporation | LAT Ontario (Canada) | 25 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| WCAT Decision A2501051 (Hilary Thomson) | BC Workers' Compensation Appeal Tribunal (Canada) | 18 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
Outdated Advice
Repealed Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| XH v Canada Employment Insurance Commission | Social Security Tribunal (Canada) | 18 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Maxwell v. WestJet Airlines Ltd. | Civil Resolution Tribunal (Canada) | 15 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
Outdated Advice
Repealed Law
(1)
|
Argument given no weight | — | — | |
|
Source: Steve Finlay
|
|||||||||
| Yashcheshen v. Saskatchewan Government Insurance | KB Saskatchewan (Canada) | 15 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Blinds to Go Inc. c. Blachley | Quebec SC (Canada) | 11 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
— | — | ||
| Musselman v. Vanderstelt | CA British Columbia (Canada) | 8 August 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
Weighed in deciding to grant security for trial costs | — | — | |