AI Hallucination Cases
This database tracks legal decisions1
I.e., all documents where the use of AI, whether established or merely alleged, is addressed in more than a passing reference by the court or tribunal.
Notably, this does not cover mere allegations of hallucinations, but only cases where the court or tribunal has explicitly found (or implied) that a party relied on hallucinated content or material.
As an exception, the database also covers some judicial decisions where AI use was alleged but not confirmed. This is a judgment call on my part.
in cases where generative AI produced hallucinated content – typically fake citations, but also other types of AI-generated arguments. It does not track the (necessarily wider) universe of all fake citations or use of AI in court filings.
While seeking to be exhaustive (135 cases identified so far), it is a work in progress and will expand as new examples emerge. This database has been featured in news media, and indeed in several decisions dealing with hallucinated material.2
Examples of media coverage include:
- M. Hiltzik, AI 'hallucinations' are a growing problem for the legal profession (LA Times, 22 May 2025)
- E. Volokh, "AI Hallucination Cases," from Courts All Over the World (Volokh Conspiracy, 18 May 2025)
- J-.M. Manach, "Il génère des plaidoiries par IA, et en recense 160 ayant « halluciné » depuis 2023" (Next, 1 July 2025)
- J. Koebler & J. Roscoe, "18 Lawyers Caught Using AI Explain Why They Did It (404 Media, 30 September 2025)
And if you know of a case that should be included, feel free to contact me.3 (Readers may also be interested in this project regarding AI use in academic papers.)
Based on this database, I have developped an automated reference checker that also detects hallucinations: PelAIkan. Check the Reports 
in the database for examples, and reach out to me for a demo !
For weekly takes on cases like these, and what they mean for legal practice, subscribe to Artificial Authority.
| Case | Court / Jurisdiction | Date ▼ | Party Using AI | AI Tool ⓘ | Nature of Hallucination | Outcome / Sanction | Monetary Penalty | Details | Report(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iyer v Nazir | CA Alberta (Canada) | 23 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| National Indigenous Fisheries Institute v. Canada AG | Federal Court (Canada) | 20 March 2026 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
Adverse Costs Order | 1 CAD | — | |
| Salah v. Peel Condominium Corporation | ONCAT (Canada) | 19 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Re Reza Khoshnik | Ontario SCJ (Bankruptcy) (Canada) | 16 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Misrepresented
Case Law
(3)
|
Adverse Costs Order | 1 CAD | — | |
| Krivaia v. Hungerford | SC British Columbia (Canada) | 11 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
No strike for abuse of process | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Kapahi Real Estate Inc. v. Elite Real Estate Club of Toronto Inc. | Ontario SCJ (Canada) | 10 March 2026 | Lawyer | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(7)
|
Bar Referral | — | — | |
| Siemens v. The Owners, Strata Plan EPS3699 | CRT (Canada) | 10 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Thabize c. Immobilière montérégienne IMR inc. | TAL (Canada) | 6 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Further filings barred without prior authorization | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Erin Gray v Attorney General of Canada | Federal Court (Canada) | 5 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
| Asey v. The Association of Justice Counsel | HRT Ontario (Canada) | 3 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2),
Doctrinal Work
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Makongo c. Montpetit | Québec (Canada) | 3 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(4)
|
Monetary Sanction | 800 CAD | — | |
| Re Gary Man Kin Ng | Ontario SCJ (Bankruptcy) (Canada) | 2 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
| Maruta v. Mahon | HRT Ontario (Canada) | 2 March 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| White v. The Owners, Strata Plan BCS3946 | BC CRT (Canada) | 27 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Steve Finlay
|
|||||||||
| N… R… c. M… S… | Québec SC (Canada) | 18 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
False Quotes
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| HDO v MDF | CA Alberta (Canada) | 17 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| 14095863 Canada Inc. v Abercrombie & Fitch Trading Co. | Canadian IPO (Canada) | 17 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Exhibits or Submissions
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Deblois v. Procureur Général | Federal Court (Canada) | 16 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Alamleh c. R. | SC Quebec (Canada) | 11 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2),
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Abdul Rahim Seidu v Minister of Citizenship and Immigration | Federal Court (Canada) (Canada) | 10 February 2026 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Doctrinal Work
(1)
|
Admonishment | — | — | |
| Garrick v Halton Police Board | SCJ Ontario (Canada) | 10 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied | — | — | — | ||
| Zeng v. Zuo | Supreme Court of British Columbia (Canada) | 5 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied | — | Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
⚠ Alleged AI Use
|
|||||||||
| Applicant v. BC College of Physicians and Surgeons | HPRB (Canada) | 5 February 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
| RSR Road Surface Recycling v Bonnechere Excavating et al. | Ontario SCJ (Canada) | 4 February 2026 | Lawyer | Unidentified |
False Quotes
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
Misuse of AI potentially factored into costs | — | — | |
| Rasko v. ICBC | BC CRT (Canada) | 30 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Steve Finlay
|
|||||||||
| Howse v. Coulton | BC CRT (Canada) | 29 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Davidson v PCL Constructors Inc. | HRT Alberta (Canada) | 27 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Gu v Fogler Rubinoff | SCJ Ontario (Canada) | 23 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Zou v. Miracon Development Inc. | SC British Columbia (Canada) | 20 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 200 CAD | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Pellegrino v. York Condominium Corporation No. 486 | CAT (Canada) | 20 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Waddell (Re) | Ontario SCJ (Canada) | 20 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Amit Arora v. Canadian National Railway | Federal Court (Canada) | 19 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Admonishment | — | — | |
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Vasina v. York Condominium Corporation No. 486 | ONCAT (Canada) | 12 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4),
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Alexandra Philomena Brigid Roy v Attorney General of Canada | Federal Court (Canada) | 9 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Unidentified |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Riley Pollard v UNIFOR Local 324 | Ontario LRB (Canada) | 6 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Greenwood v. The Owners, Strata Plan | BC CRT (Canada) | 5 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Bahrani v Peters | CA Saskatchewan (Canada) | 5 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Misuse of AI taken into account in reducing costs owed | — | — | |
| Dudak (Re) | SafeRoads Alberta (Canada) | 2 January 2026 | Pro Se Litigant | ChatGPT |
Fabricated
Case Law
(8)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Mazaheri v Law Society of Ontario | Ontario Law Society Tribunal (Canada) | 30 December 2025 | Lawyer | Grok |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Exhibits or Submissions
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Chaudhary v. Genest | HRT Ontario (Canada) | 29 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
False Quotes
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| JF v Canada Employment Insurance Commission | Social Security Tribunal (Canada) | 24 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(4)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Kalala v. Coopérative d'habitation La Fraternité Micheloise | CS Québec (Canada) | 23 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Monetary Sanction | 500 CAD | — | |
| Obermann v. ICBC | BC CRT (Canada) | 19 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
"Mr. Obermann’s submissions refer to cases that do not exist or do not apply. I find the most likely explanation is that they are “hallucinations” generated by artificial intelligence. In AQ v. BW, 2025 BCCRT 907 at paragraph 16, a CRT vice chair found that CRT’s obligation to provide sufficient reasons did not require it to address arguments with no basis in law. I agree with this reasoning and do not address those cases. " |
|||||||||
| Nelligan O’Brien Payne v Amy French | IP Office (Canada) | 19 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Misrepresented
Case Law
(2),
other
(1)
|
Warning | — | — | |
| Vicki Boomer v. Hospital Employees' Union and Interior Health Authority | British Columbia LRB (Canada) | 16 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1),
Legal Norm
(1)
Misrepresented
Legal Norm
(1)
|
— | — | ||
| Bégin-Létourneau c. Syndicat des spécialistes et professionnels d'Hydro-Québec | TAT (Canada) | 15 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2)
|
— | — | ||
| St-Roch c. Andritz Hydro Canada inc. | TAT (Canada) | 15 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||
| Huseyin Turgut v The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration | Federal Court (Canada) (Canada) | 10 December 2025 | Lawyer | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(1)
|
Withdrawal of arguments based on the disputed citations | — | — | |
| Barrette v Wevers | KB Alberta (Canada) | 8 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(2),
Legal Norm
(1)
|
Adverse Costs | 1000 CAD | — | |
| Balogun v. Wentworth Standard Condominium Corporation No. 382 | ONCAT (Canada) | 5 December 2025 | Pro Se Litigant | Implied |
Fabricated
Case Law
(3)
|
— | — | ||
|
Source: Courtready
|
|||||||||